Vaccines of six targeted Diseases|ICDS Supervisor Exam|ICDS Supervisor Kerala PSC
In this post, Important vaccines of six targeted diseases are explained. Vaccines for Diphtheria, Measles, Pertussis, Poliomyelitis, Tetanus, and Tuberculosis are explained. Immunization and Vaccines are important topics for ICDS Supervisor Exam.
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Vaccines for Diphtheria, Measles, Pertussis, Poliomyelitis, Tetanus, and Tuberculosis are explained:
The following information covers vaccines used to prevent the six targeted diseases and is meant for guidance only.
Individual vaccine details and immunization schedules vary between and within countries.
1. Diphtheria:
Type of vaccine: Active immunization with diphtheria toxoid (often given combined with tetanus).
Primary course: Usually 3 doses.
Boosters: Usually 2 doses.
Adverse reactions: swelling and redness at the injection site. Malaise, transient fever and headache may occur.
Contraindications: Acute febrile illness or severe adverse event to previous dose of same vaccine.
Notes: A lower dose of vaccine is usually given to persons over the age of 10, to reduce side effects.
2.Measles:
Type of vaccine: Active vaccination with live attenuated virus, usually with mumps and rubella (also live viruses).
Primary course: Usually 1 dose.
Boosters: Usually 1 dose.
Adverse reactions: Malaise, fever and/or rash. Rarely, febrile convulsions, arthropathy.
Side effects are far less common with booster doses.
Contraindications: Acute febrile illness, untreated malignant disease, immunocompromised status, allergy to neomycin or kanamycin, pregnancy, a severe adverse event to the previous dose of the same vaccine.
Notes: There is an exceptionally small risk of encephalitis or encephalopathy related to vaccination.
3.Pertussis:
Type of vaccine: Active vaccination with inactivated organisms, usually with diphtheria and tetanus.
Primary course: Usually 3 doses.
Boosters: Usually none.
Adverse Reactions: Swelling and redness at the injection site. Malaise, transient fever and headache may also occur.
Contraindications: Acute febrile illness or severe adverse event to the previous dose of the same vaccine (severe local or prolonged high-pitched screaming more than four hours; convulsion).
Notes: The risk of vaccine-related neurological problems (encephalopathy and convulsions) is not proven.
4.Poliomyelitis
Type of vaccine: Active vaccination with live attenuated virus in an oral preparation (OPV or Sabin) or active vaccination with the inactivated virus in an injectable preparation (IPV or Salk).
Primary course: Usually 3 doses.
Boosters: Usually 2 doses.
Adverse reactions: OPV – vaccine-associated poliomyelitis
Contraindications: OPV – acute febrile illness, vomiting or diarrhoea, malignant disease, immunocompromised status, pregnancy.
IPV –acute febrile illness.
Notes: Some countries use a combination of OPV and IPV within their vaccination schedule.
5.Tetanus
Type of vaccine: Active vaccination with tetanus toxoid (often given with diphtheria and pertussis).
Primary course: Usually 3 doses.
Boosters: Usually 2 doses.
Adverse reactions: Swelling and redness at the injection site, malaise, transient fever and headaches are uncommon.
Contraindications: Acute febrile illness, a severe adverse event to the previous dose of the same vaccine.
Notes: Tetanus toxoid and/or tetanus immunoglobulin is used as a treatment of tetanus prone wounds.
6.Tuberculosis
Type of vaccine: Active vaccination with live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine, i.e. BCG)
Primary course: Usually 1 dose.
Boosters: Usually none or 1 dose.
Adverse reactions: Vertigo and dizziness (reaction to the vaccination), ulcer or abscess formation, keloid formation.
Contraindications: Tuberculin skin test positive, acute febrile illness, malignant disease, immunocompromised status, pregnancy.
Notes: BCG is only carried out after a negative skin test, except for infants, less than 3 months old (see further notes in next post).
Note: Further vaccines were included in the EPI at a later date: yellow fever (for those living in endemic countries), hepatitis B, and mumps and rubella for those countries which used the combined measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR).
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